GEOMAGNETIC STORM--NOW AND VENUS-JUPITER CONJUNCTION
GEOMAGNETIC STORM--NOW: A minor G1-class geomagnetic storm is underway on April 27th--the result of an unexpected crack in Earth's magnetic field. BsubZ values have dipped as low as -10 nT. This could set the stage for high-latitude auroras, especially in the southern hemisphere where autumn darkness favors visibility. Aurora alerts: SMS Text
VENUS-JUPITER CONJUNCTION: Set your alarm for dawn. Venus and Jupiter are converging for a tight conjunction in the early morning sky. Earlier today, Paolo Bardelli photographed the planets from Sumirago (Varese), Italy:
"After days of rain, finally a clear morning for an unmissable show!" says Bardelli.
At closest approach on April 30th, Venus and Jupiter will be just a fraction of a degree apart. They will "appear to nearly collide into each other," according to NASA. "Due to the glare from both planets, some observers will see them merge into one very bright, spectacular glow."
Sky maps: April 27, 28, 29, 30, May 1.
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A MASSIVE TWISTER ON THE SUN: Imagine a red-hot tornado of fire 10 times taller than our entire planet. Here it is:
NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory caught the massive twister flinging itself away from the sun during the early (UTC) hours of April 27th. The eruption produced a bright coronal mass ejection (CME), but the debris is expected to miss Earth. Solar flare alerts: SMS Text
Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
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MOTHER'S DAY IS MAY 8TH: Are you looking for an out-of-this world Mother's Day gift? Consider this: Every time the students of Earth to Sky Calculus launch a cosmic ray balloon, they include something extra in the payload--something Mom will love:
Every item in the Earth to Sky Store has flown to the edge of space and comes with a greeting card showing the item in flight. The interior of the card tells the story of the gift's journey from launch to landing. Mom-satisfaction guaranteed!
Mother's Day Special: Use coupon code "SPACEMOM" at checkout for a 10% discount. Offer valid from now until Mother's Day (May 8, 2022) .
Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
All sales support hands-on STEM education
Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
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| All Sky Fireball Network |
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On Apr 26, 2022, the network reported 23 fireballs.
(18 sporadics, 5 Lyrids)
In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue). [Larger image] [movies]
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| Near Earth Asteroids |
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| Asteroid | Date(UT) |
Miss Distance |
Velocity (km/s) |
Diameter (m) |
| 2022 HM | 2022-Apr-21 |
0.6 LD |
14.6 |
11 |
| 2022 GU3 | 2022-Apr-22 |
4.6 LD |
8.7 |
25 |
| 2017 UR2 | 2022-Apr-22 |
19.4 LD |
9.3 |
10 |
| 2022 HL1 | 2022-Apr-23 |
13.9 LD |
12.9 |
29 |
| 2022 HQ | 2022-Apr-23 |
8.7 LD |
7 |
13 |
| 2022 HD | 2022-Apr-24 |
3.7 LD |
7.4 |
13 |
| 2022 HH1 | 2022-Apr-24 |
7.2 LD |
5.2 |
11 |
| 2022 HA1 | 2022-Apr-24 |
17 LD |
8.8 |
42 |
| 2020 VN1 | 2022-Apr-25 |
19.3 LD |
2.3 |
9 |
| 2022 HK1 | 2022-Apr-25 |
4.4 LD |
5.7 |
8 |
| 2022 HS1 | 2022-Apr-25 |
4.4 LD |
5.8 |
13 |
| 2022 HB1 | 2022-Apr-26 |
0.5 LD |
14.1 |
12 |
| 418135 | 2022-Apr-28 |
8.5 LD |
10.4 |
466 |
| 2022 HX1 | 2022-Apr-30 |
6.5 LD |
11.7 |
14 |
| 2022 HS | 2022-May-01 |
6.7 LD |
5.7 |
20 |
| 2017 XO2 | 2022-May-01 |
18.8 LD |
12.4 |
125 |
| 2022 HW | 2022-May-02 |
16.1 LD |
16.1 |
47 |
| 2022 HW1 | 2022-May-03 |
9.9 LD |
7.7 |
20 |
| 2022 HR1 | 2022-May-03 |
5.1 LD |
13.3 |
24 |
| 2017 HG1 | 2022-May-04 |
18.2 LD |
6 |
11 |
| 2022 HF1 | 2022-May-08 |
8.8 LD |
17.1 |
64 |
| 467460 | 2022-May-09 |
14.9 LD |
11.3 |
513 |
| 2019 JE | 2022-May-11 |
4.9 LD |
7.2 |
20 |
| 2012 UX68 | 2022-May-15 |
2.8 LD |
8.2 |
54 |
| 388945 | 2022-May-15 |
15 LD |
8.2 |
290 |
| 2013 UX | 2022-May-17 |
16.8 LD |
16.3 |
141 |
| 2021 WY | 2022-May-18 |
16.9 LD |
9 |
65 |
| 2022 HD1 | 2022-May-20 |
15.3 LD |
6.8 |
60 |
| 7335 | 2022-May-27 |
10.5 LD |
13.1 |
1058 |
| 2021 KO2 | 2022-May-30 |
3.1 LD |
14.8 |
9 |
| 2020 DA4 | 2022-Jun-01 |
5.5 LD |
8.9 |
26 |
| 2021 GT2 | 2022-Jun-06 |
9.5 LD |
7.5 |
50 |
| 2018 LU2 | 2022-Jun-09 |
14.8 LD |
10.7 |
16 |
| 2006 XW4 | 2022-Jun-12 |
5.9 LD |
7.3 |
49 |
| 2022 GU6 | 2022-Jun-12 |
3.2 LD |
8.4 |
85 |
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| Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere |
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SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 7 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.
Latest results (Nov. 2021): Our balloons have just measured a sudden drop in atmospheric radiation. It happened during the strong geomagnetic storms of Nov. 3-4, 2021. Here are the data:
This is called a "Forbush decrease," named after American physicist Scott Forbush who studied cosmic rays in the early 20th century. It happens when a CME from the sun sweeps past Earth and literally pushes cosmic rays away from our planet. Radiation from deep space that would normally pepper Earth's upper atmosphere is briefly wiped out.
We have measured Forbush decreases before. For example, here's one from Sept. 2014. The Forbush Decrease of Nov. 3-4, 2021, was the deepest in the history of our 7-year atmospheric monitoring program. Radiation levels in the stratosphere over California dropped nearly 20%, more than doubling the previous record from our dataset.
En route to the stratosphere, our sensors also pass through aviation altitudes, so we can sample radiation where planes fly. This plot shows how the Forbush decrease was restricted to the stratosphere; it did not affect lower levels of the atmosphere:
The dose rates shown above are expressed as multiples of sea level. For instance, we see that boarding a plane that flies at 25,000 feet exposes passengers to dose rates ~10x higher than sea level. At 40,000 feet, the multiplier is closer to 50x. The higher you fly, the more radiation you will absorb.
.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can seed clouds, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. Somewhat more controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) link cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
.Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.
Data points in the first graph ("Stratospheric Radiation") correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.
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| Essential web links |
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NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center |
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| The official U.S. government space weather bureau |
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Atmospheric Optics |
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| The first place to look for information about sundogs, pillars, rainbows and related phenomena. |
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Solar Dynamics Observatory |
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| Researchers call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO is the most advanced solar observatory ever. |
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STEREO |
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| 3D views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory |
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Solar and Heliospheric Observatory |
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| Realtime and archival images of the Sun from SOHO. |
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SolarMonitor.org |
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| information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary |
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Daily Sunspot Summaries |
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| from the NOAA Space Environment Center |
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NOAA 27-Day Space Weather Forecasts |
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| fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong. |
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Aurora 30 min forecast |
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| from the NOAA Space Environment Center |
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Live Aurora Webcam |
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| from Lights over Lapland |
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Heliophysics |
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| the underlying science of space weather |
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